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Welcome everyone I'm Michele Lawrence the co-principal investigator at the Recovery
Center of Excellence at the University of Rochester and today we're going to be talking
a little bit about the treatment of opioid use disorder in primary care this is a general
overview of substance use disorder I'm going to turn it over to my colleague Holly Russell
to provide the first part of this talk thank you Michele I'm Dr Holly Russell
I am a family doctor and I'm an assistant professor of family medicine at the Department
of Family Medicine at the University of Rochester and part of the Recovery Center of Excellence team
today we're going to be talking to you about the basics of treating opioid use disorder and primary
care our objectives are to review approaching opioid use disorder as a chronic disease
to review the evidence-based treatments for opioid use disorder
to outline a strategy to improve access to pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder
to gain insight on how to overcome some barriers in treating opioid use disorder in primary care
we'll provide you with some information on local treatment programs and the referral process
we'll go over the levels of care and treatment for substance use disorder and hopefully will help
you understand a little more the role of peers in treating opioid use disorder and recovery process
to begin with a little background around substance use disorder in the last five to ten years we've
really gained a lot of understanding that substance use disorder is a chronic disease
we understand that chronic diseases last over a person's lifetime are heritable
and have periods where they are well controlled and periods where they are not so well controlled
substance use disorders and opioid use disorder fit this description so we understand that there
are chronic medical condition associated with high rates of elevated mortality
patients with opioid use disorder have mortality rates 6 to 50 times that of the general population
and on average opioid use disorder results in a loss of 18 years of potential life so there
is a lot of opportunity here for us to really intervene in a way that is really meaningful
a little bit about the addiction cycle so when patients first start using substances they have
their binge or intoxication stage and this is where they're consuming the intoxicated substance
and they experience that rewarding or pleasurable effect from using next when the substance wears
off they experience the negative emotional and physical state in the absence of the substance and
then the patients experience some preoccupation or anticipation and this is the stage at which
one is seeking the substance again after a period of abstinence what I think is really critically
important to understand and which I did not really know until I started doing more of this work
is that withdrawal is really a horrible horrible feeling you know sometimes we'll hear it described
as the flu but when patients talk to you about it I think that's an underestimation
of how they're really healing with withdrawal it's such a terrible feeling that often they feel like
they're about to die and so it is really that that need that drive to avoid that horrible feeling of
withdrawal that's the driving force behind this cycle it is not the desire to get high
so now let's talk about the treatment opportunities but first a note about
the terms you may have heard medication assisted treatment or mat this was very commonly used to
describe these treatment options up until recently lately we've been trying to use medications for
opioid use disorder or moud as it's felt to be a little less stigmatizing of language when we think
about other chronic diseases we would never say that hydroxyzine is medication-assisted treatment
for anxiety or metoprolol is medication assisted treatment for blood pressure so we're trying to
use either pharmacotherapy or medications for opioid use disorder you will see the term mat
still used and in fact on the graph on the right you'll see that this paper that we pulled this
from used medication assisted treatment and that's okay it's just more that we're trying
to move towards using medication for opioid use disorder there are three types of medications
full agonist treatment with methadone this can only be done in specialty opioid treatment
programs or otps so this is not something that we can use in primary care as a treatment option
buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that's often used in combination with naloxone
the brand names you may have heard are Suboxone or Zubsolv and then there's full antagonist
treatment with naltrexone which is available both in an oral tablet sometimes also used
for treating alcohol use disorder or as a shot with the brand name is Vivitrol
the determination of which medication type is based on the individual patient's needs
as well as of course the availability in the community
it's important to note that psychosocial therapy is also important however the
evidence for this is less strong and all recent guidelines are very clear that these
medications save lives and should not be withheld if behavioral treatment is not easily available
or if the patients are simply not at a stage where they're agreeable to behavioral treatment
in this graph on the right you'll see that using these medications can return patients
to a mortality ratio that's similar to that of the general population there's very few tools
that we have in primary care that are so powerful in terms of decreasing a patient's risk of death
back in the year 2000 they they changed the rules so that buprenorphine could be prescribed in a
primary care setting when they first wrote this law they set it up so that you had to
get either an eight-hour training or a 24-hour training for advanced practice practitioners
practitioners in order to be able to get this what we call the X-Waiver
so it's a DEA X number that allows you to prescribe you buprenorphine
and recently in April of 2021 the Department of Health and Human Services actually changed the law
changed the requirements for the X-Waver and the goal was to expand treatment with buprenorphine so
you no longer have to do a specialty 8 or 24-hour training in order to treat up to 30 patients you
still do have to go on the SAMHSA website and submit a Notice of Intent so there is one step
you have to do in addition to getting your regular DEA this allows you to treat up to 30 patients
after that first year of treating these patients if you desire to go up to more than 30 patients
that's when you do have to take either the 8 hour for physician or 24 hour for APPs certified course
these are very commonly available and one of the websites that has
a lot of online courses available is the Provider Clinical Support System or PCSS
you can go on that website and they have a schedule of trainings over here on the right
of this slide you'll see a little more detail of what i was talking about in the previous slide
for how these medications work so again when patients first start using they do experience
the euphoria and again it's good to remember that opioids are very powerful medications we of course
use them in a prescribed fashion to help with pain medicine and they work on those Mu receptors
in the brain that are related to our reward system so patients do feel good when they take them after
even a few weeks of using opioids that's when patients develop tolerance and physical dependence
and that's the stage where patients actually have to use the opioids to feel normal remember
they're trying to avoid that really awful terrible withdrawal feeling and so that's where they're not
feeling the euphoria at this stage they're really just trying to avoid that terrible withdrawal
this is where the medications come in so methadone and buprenorphine are opioid agonists
methadone is a full opioid agonist and buprenorphine is a partial agonist
but they both work to help patients get into that normal light blue area there that helps even them
out it also prevents them from feeling so worried and anxious and preoccupied about
avoiding the withdrawal so oftentimes when we start patients on this medicine they'll say
it's a miracle I have my life back I no longer am just so preoccupied with spending
20 hours a day trying to figure out how I'm gonna prevent the withdrawal
feelings and this allows them to participate in their life participate in their community
so this slide helps us understand the pathway of treatment for opioid use disorder from a patient
perspective the first stage is for a patient to seek help they can go to their primary care
office for this they can go to the emergency room and they can certainly go to a treatment center
at this stage you evaluate the patient and see if they're appropriate for the
medications to see if they have opioid use disorder and would the medications help
starting these medications is called induction and again this can happen in a variety of settings
many of the local emergency rooms have now been trained in how to start these medicines
and of course they can also happen at a treatment agency sometimes in primary care we do this this
the induction is very much up to a personal clinician if they feel comfortable doing that
the next stage is the treatment and stabilization this happens at substance use disorder treatment
centers and later on in the presentation we'll go over in detail what the different levels of those
are once a patient completes and graduates their treatment program and this can take 3 to 6 to 9
months to even a year that's when they are sort of graduating and be going into the level of
the medication maintenance this is that long-term treatment and that's really where primary care
comes in we are experts in the long-term treatment of chronic diseases we do it for diabetes and high
blood pressure and now we're hoping that we can encourage you to also do it for opioid
use disorder primary care can really help in this this way because when we take patients who
are stable and no longer need that high resource level of the treatment and stabilization program
that open up slots at those treatment programs for them to be able to take more acute patients
I do want to note that return to use or relapse can happen at any time in this treatment process
and that the rates are similar to any chronic disease so just like you might have a patient
who has high blood pressure who at some points is doing really well they're watching their salt
intake they're getting their regular physical activity and their blood pressure is beautiful
but then they might have other times where perhaps they're eating some snacks more than they
previously were or they've not been exercising and their blood pressure gets high again
relapse does not mean a failure of treatment it just means that we have to be creative and
think about what else can we do to help encourage them to get back into that level of good control
I am going to talk a little bit about relapse in a clinical setting we'll talk about this in more
detail in one of our later presentations but I know that this is a big barrier for primary care
clinicians to feel comfortable doing this is how do we manage relapse and I want to be very
clear that these are some guidelines but this is certainly not a prescriptive algorithm you really
need to think about the specific patient scenario and also your own personal comfort as a clinician
in managing these to figure out what the exact right steps are for your clinical setting
so for a patient who has an initial non-opioid relapse or rare occasional non-opioid relapses
over time there's a lot of options the the easiest most logical first step is always to see a patient
more often ideally about weekly and you can order drug screens urine drug screens at each of these
visits this helps patients get more support from you and your office and it also helps them to know
that you're kind of watching out for them we always recommend increased psychosocial support so
this can be attending recovery meetings more often meeting with a peer or a sponsor or participating
in individual mental health therapy one of the great things that has come out of the COVID-19
pandemic is that many recovery meetings are online now and virtual and the ability to access the
support has really expanded so there are Facebook groups there are websites and blogs and many
Narcotics Anonymous meetings that happen online so this is something that all patients can access
we also recommend doing some problem solving when you're doing these more often visits so that you
can talk with the patients about what potentially triggered the relapse what's going on in their
life that might be causing them to lose some of that stability and how to avoid it in the future
for a first opioid-related relapse or multiple non-opioid related relapse in a
short period of time we would recommend all of the above steps that we just discussed
but in addition we would suggest at this point that you refer the patient to a Credentialed
Alcohol and Substance Abuse Counselor we often shorten that to CASAC you may also can consider
additional urine drug screens in between visits so even if you're not having the patient come
in for a clinician visit you might have them come in and just drop off a urine in between
and then certainly depending on what the if you're able to get an evaluation from a CASAC back they
may recommend a higher level of care you also can certainly say I don't feel comfortable I
think this patient needs a higher level of care we do strongly suggest that if you are going to
do this work that you have contact information for the providers from local substance use disorder
treatment organizations available and that you reach out to them to get names and direct numbers
so that you're able to expedite the referrals in these settings
and lastly if patients do not comply with these above recommendations or they're continuing to
just struggle despite your best work of seeing them you know more frequently there are still
options so one is you can give a patient a time frame by which you are going to ask them to comply
so you could say something like 2 to 4 weeks or more or less after which no further prescriptions
will be written I do want to kind of drive home that while you can certainly stop writing
a prescription without a taper in this scenario from a harm reduction perspective it's best for
patients to continue their buprenorphine meeting more frequently with the pharmacotherapy provider
doing more urine drug screens until they engage in a higher level of care
this again is up to clinician comfort and the patient scenario but we do recommend that if at
all possible you continue the medications we know that these medications save lives
you can see patients more often than weekly this is pretty hard to do in a typical primary
care setting and so if you're going to see a patient every day or every other day this can
be done in collaboration with nursing visits so it doesn't need to be the clinician themselves
just having some more frequent contact is useful and then another option that's always
available is that you can decrease the dose of buprenorphine so this is sort of an in between
the stopping the prescription and the continuing it from a harm reduction is to kind of compromise
with the patient to have a lower dose until they are able to engage in that higher level of care
from here I'm going to hand it over to Michele Lawrence who's going to
talk more about those levels of care of treatment
thank you Holly as you can see in this diagram there are a lot of different levels of care and
this can be confusing as you're trying to figure out where to connect your patient
but essentially what I'm going to talk about is there's really the harm reduction phase in the
community there's prevention there's several levels of treatment and as Dr Russell just
mentioned at the tail end there's a really important component around recovery support
so first let's start with the harm reduction the harm reduction is probably the most important
component of substance use disorder treatment at this particular point in the United States we have
over 19 percent of americans who have used illicit drugs at least once in their lifetime
there are 32 million people who have used illicit drugs in the last 30 days and there are 8 million
who have developed a substance use disorder including 2 million with an opioid use disorder
so there is a lot of drug use that is going on and one of the challenges right now is that the drug
supply is increasingly tainted with substances like fentanyl and Xylazine which people may not
know are included in their drug supply and may cause overdose or even death and so harm reduction
is a really critical component and having harm reduction strategies like naloxone available in
healthcare settings schools EMS community centers and even homes is really critical to saving lives
the second component is really prevention services and more of these are emerging all the time
this really helps folks to understand from a parenting perspective maybe awareness of the
addictive nature of prescription opioids for the children who may have an injury in school
or early in life so they can help counsel them about the use of opioids awareness also about
intergenerational trauma and how limited access to mental health can create the conditions that
result in substance use disorder so really more and more awareness and education can help with
preventing the conditions that result in substance use disorder as we get into the treatment cycle
detoxification is a very short period of medically supervised withdrawal primarily from alcohol
and you may have a patient who's using alcohol and another substance but they need to go through the
detoxification period first that's intended to be with the support of physicians in you know
an emergency department or hospital setting as Dr Russell mentioned this is a very scary component
for patients so we want to make sure that they are feeling good as they're going through this period
and we can immediately connect them with the next phase of their treatment which may be inpatient
or one of the other ones that we've mentioned so inpatient is really for
a small group of patients who may have multiple substance use disorders or mental
health needs or maybe just need a more structured environment in which they can begin to engage in
the treatment for their substance use disorder so this is really a very resource intensive
period that helps these patients begin to engage in a way they may not have been able to before
not everyone needs to go through detoxification on the inpatient setting or the residential treatment
they may be able to go right to outpatient but let me just mention residential for a minute as well
so residential treatment may be appropriate for a larger group of patients who don't need inpatient
or maybe are coming off of inpatient and may not be able to go home during their initial
treatment phase because their home is a place of substance use or trauma or they may in fact
be homeless and they need to have some sort of place to receive this treatment but they don't
need all the resources of an inpatient setting and then we get to the outpatient treatment phase
this is where most patients are able to accomplish their treatment it can be an
alternative to residential or inpatient or it might be part of the continuum there
really within outpatient you can see there's an intensive outpatient program and that may end up
being a full day program that can last for several months but more and more we're seeing patients
ask for some level of outpatient care that allows them to maintain their responsibilities with their
family and their job and so to the extent that communities can develop these shorter outpatient
programs that allow the patient to remain integrated into the community and their family
that also helps with their recovery finally we get to the recovery support services and this is
a wide range of programs the goal of these is to support patients in sustaining the recovery this
is really the longest part of the journey this is what they will be going through for the rest of
their life and we really need to help patients in this phase to reconnect with treatment when
they need to so it's not like we're discharging them and they are never going to need the rest
of the treatment that's shown here they may loop back into this treatment cycle at some point in
their life and that's completely okay so some of the types of services that you see in this phase
may be residential housing so again for folks that may not have stable housing or may need to
you know have additional social supports as they are reintegrating into the community residential
housing could be appropriate most patients will be just fine working with their primary
care provider as Dr Russell mentioned to just maintain their medication through their treatment
and just continue to check in with their primary care provider that they are in a stable place
and that they are sustaining their recovery it's also really important to have social
and health-based lifestyle gatherings that do not involve substances so there are a lot of
organizations emerging that are community-based that are
bringing in folks who have lived experience with substance use disorder
and are creating environments particularly in rural communities where folks can gather
for holidays for special events just even on a weekly basis and connect with other people
in a way that doesn't involve substances
okay this shows within the Southern Tier of New York specifically Allegany and Steuben county
as an example some of the types of services that are available and where they're located
and as I noted these are continuing to expand all the time so in the end of 2021 this is the
services that are available but continue to look for more services that will continue to
be available and I want to just point out as Dr Russell mentioned that the emergency departments
at St James and Jones Memorial are both providing induction services and that is really a great
opportunity to engage patients in treatment if patients are not being screened or identified in
the community they can be screened and identified in the emergency department and engaged in this
treatment at whatever stage is appropriate for them we've got some really great partners through
ACASA and Casa Trinity two of our main treatment organizations that provide as you can see here a
broad range of services and then there are several other community-based organizations
that have developed specific services in different areas so really we are developing a rich
layer of services and more and more will be added on to this over time next slide please
this is some information about how to connect with both ACASA and Casa Trinity the two main
treatment organizations and as I mentioned they do have a very broad range of services and
they both have peers who can connect with patients wherever they may be entering the system whether
that is at a primary care office an emergency department a community-based organization
so always feel free to reach out to them and engage their peer services next slide
so what are these peers peers are super important to engaging patients in recovery and treatment
as I mentioned they can interact at every level of care and they are folks who have lived experience
in substance use disorder and so they can really relate to folks who are coming in they know what
that concern is about withdrawal they know what the concerns are about trauma about
how do I begin to have a social network if my old social network is all using drugs so they're
really a valuable resource in helping patients and they can help them throughout this journey
they're working generally and and there are peers specifically in the treatment organizations but
we have care managers who also connect with the peers at several points along the way
so in the emergency department there are Behavioral Health Assessment Officers they
have a very good relationship with the peers and the Behavioral Health Assessment Officers begin to
engage patients as they come into the emergency department so that these patients are not left
sitting alone in the emergency department concerned about going through withdrawal
they're immediately engaged and begin the treatment process likewise the peers can hand off
patients to a Behavioral Health Care Manager who's embedded in a primary care practice and so really
what we've done here is help the patients have a companion who's walking with them on this journey
and that is really important to sustaining recovery because
that human connection is really what's missing in a lot of folks lives the peer can reach
out at any point in time you may have been in recovery for 5 years and the peer can re-engage
an individual and help them with whatever challenges they're going through next slide
this lists various organizations throughout the Southern Tier of New York that provide those
recovery support services that I mentioned and as I said before these are evolving all the time
so look for more but we wanted to give you some initial resources for those of you that may be in
other communities look for some of these groups are national but you can also look for similar
types of groups they may be available through your treatment organizations through faith-based
organizations through local community-based organizations or health departments but there is
a rich development of these kinds of services in communities and the Recovery Center of Excellence
if you don't have these kinds of services can begin to support you in developing these in your
community and connecting you to the resources that may be very helpful to you next slide
and with that we've got some references and it concludes our talk for today please feel free
to reach out to the Recovery Center of Excellence on our website if you have questions or concerns
or need some additional support in doing this in your community we have many additional topics that
are going to be coming out related to substance use disorder there's a list of them here but feel
free to reach out if there are topics that you feel are also important that we haven't included
and we have our contact information here so you can follow us on Twitter we're constantly
pushing out information but the Technical Assistance Center is the place to reach out
if you need some help in bringing these kinds of programs into your community we have all kinds
of resources there that can help you in a very practical way to bring this kind of resource
into your community and this will help us to create healthier communities going forward
thank you so much for your attendance today and we look forward to engaging with you
Holly Russell, MD, MS & Michele Lawrence, MBA, MPH
This 30-minute module provides an introduction to several substance use disorder (SUD) topics including efficacy of treatment options, overview of the local and regional treatment system, role of primary care, and effective patient engagement strategies.
Return to Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in Primary Care
February 2022